The Bedrock of our Lives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Bedrock of our Lives - Essay Example For sure, in the quick paced development of the cutting edge world, we need family to keep us grounded and give us a spot to call home. Above all else, our family has been with us from the beginning and has seen us through our improvement throughout everyday life. Before we could begin in our professions, before we become fruitful individuals in whatever fields of try we investigate, before we meet every one of our companions, our family was there to control us through the beginning times of our life. That implies that they acknowledge us regardless, in spite of our inadequacies. We as a whole have heard accounts of youngsters who left their homes to defy their folks, reprimanding them for some envision complaint, and accepting that they can make it on the planet. Some of them passage well, gaining cash and building up themselves in a decent profession. A few, be that as it may, wind up associated with a wide range of indecencies and moving in an inappropriate group. In any case, soo ner or later in their lives, they will end up moved back home †a position of recognition and security, a spot that has acknowledged them for what their identity is. In all actuality family helps us to remember a progressively guiltless time in our lives, it returns us to our youth when things were so a lot easier and more secure. The second point that I make when I state that family is most significant is that an enormous piece of a person’s enthusiastic state is controlled by whether the individual in question has a cheerful family. It is anything but difficult to underestimate our families when we are fruitful, when we are encircled by companions, when we drench ourselves in different distractions. The reality of the situation is, be that as it may, when we lose our families or when family connections separate, it is perhaps the greatest reason for wretchedness and even self destruction. In a significant examination led by Jerry Jacobs and Joseph Teicher entitled †Å"Broken Homes and Social Isolation in Attempted Suicides of Adolescents† (1967) it was discovered that that in the wake of taking a gander at the life-chronicles of patients who had endeavored to end it all and contrasting it with the life-narratives of the individuals who had not ended it all, an incredible extent of those in the previous gathering originate from broken homes or had despondent family connections. So you see, this implies while it is anything but difficult to underestimate family connections when our family is steady and entire, when the connections that predicament are broken, it causes an incredible feeling of individual obliteration †for sure, to the point that it can drive one to end it all. It is clear in this manner, that more than some other thing, family is the most significant thing throughout everyday life. Thirdly, our families have our back, regardless. That is the intensity of connections inside the family. One may have a lot of companions t o go through great occasions with, however what number of individuals will stay close by during the awful occasions? On the off chance that, in the night, you end up in the disastrous circumstance of being captured and tossed to jail, odds are, the primary individual you would call is a relative. That is a result of the outright assurance we have that our family will be there in the great occasions as well as in the awful. They cheer for us when we are at our best, and give us consistent and unequivocal solace when we are even from a pessimistic standpoint. They state that life is an opposition: we are continually contending with others for an assortment of things, be it work advancement, scholastic distinctions, winning friendship from the other gender. A few people, consequently, will need to carry you down so as to excel. Our families, be that as it may, are our place of refuge from the scaled down olympiads happening in the

Effects of GABA on Anxiety Disorder

Impacts of GABA on Anxiety Disorder Catchphrases: Anxiety, Moringa pudding, HIV/AIDS, GABA. Indonesias first instance of HIV was accounted for in 1987 and among at that point and 2009, 3,492 individuals passed on from the ailment (Fred, 2012). Of the 11,856 cases detailed in 2008, 6,962 of them were individuals under 30 years old, including 55 newborn children under 1 year old (Seligson and Peterson, 2010). There are a high number of concentrated cases among Indonesias most in danger including infusion sedate clients (IDUs), sex laborers their accomplices and customers, gay men and babies who contract the sickness through the belly or from being bosom taken care of (Chris, 2012). Over the most recent 15 years, HIV/AIDS has gotten a pandemic in Indonesia. The most elevated focus territories are Papua, Jakarta, East Java, West Java, Bali and Riau and all are viewed as zones that need quick consideration. Because of the expanding number of IDUs, the quantity of new contaminations has developed quickly since 1999. Additionally, a summed up scourge is now under path in the areas of Papua and West Papua, where a populace based study found a grown-up predominance pace of 2.4% in 2006 (Broman, 2009). An astounding 48% of Papuans are ignorant of HIV/AIDS, and the quantity of AIDS cases per 100,000 individuals in the two regions is just about multiple times the national normal. The level of individuals who revealed being uninformed of HIV/AIDS increments to 74% among uneducated populaces in the area (Braet et al., 2007). (The pandemic in Indonesia is one of the quickest developing among HIV/AIDS in Asia. The pestilence of infusing drug use keeps on being the essential method of transmission, representing 59% of HIV diseases, and hetero transmission represented 41% in 2006. As indicated by the Indonesian Ministry of Health, ongoing overviews report that over 40% of IDUs in Jakarta have tried positive for HIV, and about 13% tried positive in West Java. Numerous IDUs offer sex to back their medication propensities. However in 2005, 25% of IDUs in Bandung, Jakarta, and Medan said they had unprotected paid sex over the most recent a year (Baxter, 2010). The Indonesian archipelago extends in excess of 3,000 miles along the Equator. Social practices and levels of urbanization affect the HIV/AIDS pandemic (Fredrickson et al., 2008). For example, a culture of paid and value-based sex among youngsters and ladies matured 15 to 24 has been a driving variable in Papua. Among 15 to multi year olds, HIV-pervasiveness rates were 3% in 2006, as per the Ministry of Health (Hunter and . Pervasiveness rates among sex laborers in East Javas major urban regions ran from 9% in Surabaya to 16% in Malang and Probolinggo in 2004 (Haruddin, 2012). Various components put Indonesia at risk for a more extensive pestilence. Hazardous sexual practices are normal. Just 54.7% of sex laborers and 56.5% of men who engage in sexual relations with men (MSM) use condoms reliably, and simply 18.5 percent of IDUs reliably utilize both sterile needles and condoms, as indicated by Indonesias 2006 report to the United Nations General Assembly Special Meeting on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS). Numerous IDUs are likewise sex laborers or customers of sex laborers, improving the probability of HIV/AIDS spreading to everybody. Consciousness of HIV status among in danger populaces is low. As indicated by a 2004-2005 investigation refered to in the UNGASS report, 18.1% of IDUs, 15.4% of MSM, 14.8% of sex laborers, and 3.3% of customers of sex laborers had gotten HIV testing in the past a year and realized their test outcomes (Hoshi et al., 2007). Shame and segregation continue and numerous individuals living with HIV shroud their status inspired by a paranoid fear of losing their positions, societal position, and the help of their families and networks, along these lines diminishing the probability that they will get appropriate treatment and expanding the odds of HIV spreading undetected. Sentiments of uneasiness are a typical, sound reaction to the conclusion, beginning, or movement of HIV contamination (Daniel et al., 2009). However, its essential to perceive the contrast between this kind of tension and the sort that flags a clinical issue. HIV itself doesn't cause tension issue, yet HIV+ individuals will in general experience more uneasiness than everyone. Certain drugs used to treat HIV can likewise cause uneasiness side effects. Luckily, nervousness issue are among the most treatable of mental conditions, and react well to pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment (Phillipe and Cella, 2009). Among HIV/AIDS-tainted patients accepting clinical consideration, 20.3% have been found to have a tension issue, with 12.3% gathering the rules for alarm issue, 10.4% for PTSD, and 2.8% having summed up uneasiness issue (Nevid, 2012). Individuals living with HIV can encounter indications of nervousness over the range of uneasiness issue. Alteration issue is the most well-known mental issue that shows as nervousness, and is regular in the wake of getting a HIV conclusion (Gropen et al., 2011). The other significant sorts of nervousness issue are alarm issue and agoraphobia, social fear and different fears, fanatical urgent issue (OCD), post horrendous pressure issue (PTSD), summed up uneasiness issue (GAD), intense pressure issue and tension issue because of a general ailment (McDowell and Newell, 1999). HIV+ individuals experience some nervousness issue, for example, OCD, no more much of the time than the individuals who don't have the infection (Post and White, 2004). Be that as it may, the experience of having HIV can provoke or compound different issue, for example, PTSD, particularly when somebody has a basic hazard for them. Tension can introduce in an assortment of ways, including brevity of breath, chest torment, dashing heart, discombobulation, deadness or shivering, sickness or the vibe of stifling. When there are no fundamental clinical clarifications for these side effects, clinicians are encouraged to consider a nervousness issue as the reason (Ruggert and Warner, 2001). Uneasiness issue can appear to erupt at key minutes in the experience of HIV sickness, for example, at the hour of starting HIV analysis, finding with an entrepreneurial contamination, a declining CD4 include or a blip in viral burden, or some other token of continuous HIV disease. Its accommodating to perceive that these encounters may trigger uneasiness, even indications of frenzy issue and sadness, for a HIV+ individual. Other than the uneasiness of nervousness issue, they can meddle in a HIV+ people by and large achievement in overseeing HIV since they are a significant reason for nonadherence to medicine (Post and White, 2004). There is a primary inquiry What are fitting medications for a HIV+ individual experiencing an uneasiness issue. Tension is depicted as an attitude worried about future in relationship with groundwork for conceivable, up and coming bothersome happenings. The current treatment for the confusion is having a ton of symptoms. A specialist with great restorative impact and less reactions is required for the treatment of uneasiness. State Hospital of Waluyo Jati has discovered a development through Nutri Moringa Pudding on diminishing of tension level in HIV/AIDS-contaminated patients. To explore the Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) concentrate of Moringa oleifera Pudding in HIV/AIDS-contaminated patients. It appeared by measurement result by matched example t-test (SPSS) t. 0.0008, it implies P The exploration subject is dictated by the purposive testing and it was directed on HIV/AIDS tolerant. A pretest with the tensions scale (Nevid, 2012) trailed by first gathering (n=50), at that point chosen an example that has the most noteworthy uneasiness score (n=30) and they will be the subjects and treated by Nutri Moringa Pudding for seven days. Post-test be held seven days after treated. Fixed calendar of moringa pudding utilization be completed 3 times each day.   nonR 01 à ¯Ã¦'â (x) à ¯Ã¦'â 02 The Anxiety Scale by Nevid input structure comprises of 30 vignette like inquiries intended to rate 3 perspectives, for example, passionate, intellectual, and physiologic of subjects regarding seriousness and job in the center character. The inquiries are bunched in framework position across three center character types, in particular Types A, B, and C. By referencing the quality of scores identified with their sort space attributes, the probable triggers and articulations of maladaptive conduct is distinguished, which can be applied to an assortment of settings and goals. The network structure and related attributes are shown in Diagram 1 underneath. Tabel-1. Uneasiness Scale Thing Scale Great Troublesome Conversation There Anxiety issue are a genuine worry for HIV+ individuals who dont have great adapting procedures and a solid social encouraging group of people, for example, family, companions, or a confidence network. People with a background marked by misuse physical, sexual, enthusiastic are bound to have an uneasiness issue (Daniels, 2010) Individuals who have uncertain melancholy, whatever the source, ought to be screened for uneasiness. Those with an individual or family ancestry of nervousness issue likewise are at higher hazard for creating them. An individual with HIV who seems to have manifestations of an uneasiness issue ought to be given an intensive clinical assessment that incorporates taking a past filled with tension side effects to decide beginning, recurrence, and seriousness/nervousness scale (Strongman, 2012). The talking clinician should get some information about distressing life occasions, family ancestry, medication and liquor use (over a wide span of time), and any drugs the patient is taking (Lee, 2008). Kennedy et al. (2010) explainded that a total demonstrative assessment incorporates testing thyroid, liver, and kidney work, and assessing for other mental issue related with comorbid nervousness (e.g., wretchedness). Certain neuropsychiatric issue that are basic in individuals with cutting edge HIV malady (AIDS) must be precluded before diagnosing tension, especially HIV-related dementia which can incorporate nervousness. Daze likewise normally includes nervousness and unsettling. Its particularly essential to treat the insanity and abstain from utilizing hostile to uneasiness prescriptions, which can have seriou

2011 Application is Now Live COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

2011 Application is Now Live COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The title of this post pretty much says it all.   The application for spring 2011 and fall 2011 is now available and we encourage you to get started by clicking here to begin your application. There is no rush to get your application in right away, the deadline for spring admission is October 1st and the deadline for fall admission is January 5th.   However, by logging in and clicking around you can become familiar with the steps you will need to complete and with the application interface. Most importantly, stay tuned to this blog for application advice.   I will be covering lots of topics related to submitting the most competitive application possible. Also, if you started an application in the past and plan to continue working on it, please review any information previously submitted carefully.   We have made some modifications to the application and reviewing your previous information submitted will ensure that you submit the appropriate and correct information we need to review your application. Thank you and we look forward to helping you complete the process.

Augustus Caesar and the Roman Empire Essay - 591 Words

In the antique land of Rome, a shattered visage of a man lies. This statue, in frigid stone, represents a man who built one of the most formidable empires in human history, all while setting the course for its eventual downfall. As the morning sun rises over the horizon in a blaze of glory, the statue illuminates and reveals the somewhat melancholic ivy as it slowly envelops the forgotten emperor. Beside the statue, hanging on a ruined stone wall, is a painting of the city that once stood tall and proud. The painting depicts a beautiful scene that shows a joyous crowd watching in awe as colossal wooden galleons triumphantly enter the city on a river. You stare into the painting and as you look deeper you find yourself transported back in†¦show more content†¦There are no marble arches and no lighthouses. The river has dried up with the memory of the empire and the bones of a dead leader have long since turned to dust. Colossal galleons and crowds to greet victorious soldiers are no longer even a memory in the minds of those alive today, simply words on paper in books gathering dust in the darkest corner of a room. There is no-one to remember the beauty of the vast city; no-one to describe the sight of the lighthouses and no-one to recall the crisp aroma of the once majestic river. All that remains are the few paintings and statues that did not dissolve with time. The dust of the bones of men, women and children long since dead has faded from existence. There is no-one left to remember the man selling wares in the street or the woman grieving over the soldier she loved. Nobody holds the memory of the child playing in the park or the servant bringing a pitcher of water to his master. The meaning behind the statue has faded from everyone’s mind. The man, whose wrinkled lip and sneer of cold command secured his victory in every battle he fought, has dissolved into nothing more than a story in a book. As the impending dawn draws near, a daunting sight can be seen in the distance. The remains of what was once the centre of this ruined empire glows in the morning light. Temples have crumbled to dust, leaving only the foundations onShow MoreRelatedRoman Empire: Emperor Caesar Augustus 660 Words   |  3 Pagesever waged war against your wife? Caesar Octavian Augustus did. Augustus was a great leader. Leaders are necessary because they need to show leadership amongst the people and unite the people as one doing anything to keep them safe. 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Music in the Great Gatsby Film Remake - 605 Words

In the â€Å"Great Gatsby† movie soundtrack, Jay-Z, the soundtrack’s executive producer, compiled an excellent variety of modern day songs in this movie reflecting the 1920’s era. The songs chosen for this film would be most characterized as songs of love, romance, extravagance, grandeur, high society, mystery and many other qualities. These traits of song themes were chosen for this soundtrack as well as modern day songs twisted into a 1920’s melody. Jay-Z did an excellent job of doing so. Although all the songs were excellent and connected very well to the movie, there were two songs in the soundtrack that really caught my eye for various reasons. â€Å"Young and Beautiful† by Lana Del Rey, a modern day song, was best chosen for the love scenes and can be a song that tells about Daisy’s perspective. Another piece of music which was composed in the time period of when this story is told is â€Å"Rhapsody in Blue† by George Gershwin. I ts power, grandeur, as well as elements of surprise fit very well in several scenes in the movie. â€Å"Young and Beautiful† by Lana Del Rey, a modern day song, was best chosen for the love scenes and can be a song that tells about Daisy’s perspective. Every single line of this song can be interpreted in a way into the story. In the verses of the song, it’s talking about how Daisy would describe her experiences especially with Gatsby and how she’s full of riches. Daisy has â€Å"seen the world, done it all†¦ seen the world, lit it up as her stage now†, describing herShow MoreRelatedA Short Note On The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1278 Words   |  6 Pagesintertextuality is used in Baz Lurhmann’s â€Å"The Great Gatsby†. â€Å"The Great Gatsby† movie is based on a well-known book by F. Scott Fitzgerald’s, a well-known author that wrote American fiction. Maurer wrote that F. Scott Fitzgerald was known for his imagistic and wonderful composition. He could analyze the inclination of his era during a politically complex time of American History (Maurer, 2016). There have been a number of reincarnations of â€Å"The Great Gatsby† in cinematography. Baz Lurhmann, a popularRead More Cinematic Appropriations of The Great Gatsby Essay2022 Words   |  9 PagesCinematic Appropriations of The Great Gatsby      Ã‚  Ã‚   Although Paramounts 1974 version of The Great Gatsby - the one with Robert Redford and Mia Farrow - is probably the most famous, there have actually been six attempts to flatten Fitzgeralds novel into two dimensions.   The first was a silent film released in 1926.   The second version, with Alan Ladd as Gatsby, appeared in 1949.   Two television adaptations followed, one with Robert Montgomery in 1955 and the other with Robert Ryan in 1958Read MoreA Brief Look at Pop Culture835 Words   |  3 Pages1970s, influenced parts of society like music, cinema, and education, in society today. While the era of disco was not a lengthy one, it managed to define an entire decade, creating an image that is ever-present in the mind of today’s youth when imagining the 1970s. Disco started as a small congregation of the minorities of society: African Americans, gays, psychedelics, and others in clubs in areas like New York City and Philadelphia. It was originally the music of counterculture, or an undercurrentRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 PagesNew Testament, John the Baptists head was presented to King Herod on a platter 5. ambiguity-A statement which can contain two or more meanings. For example, when the oracle at Delphi told Croesus that if he waged war on Cyrus he would destroy a great empire, Croesus thought the oracle meant his enemys empire. In fact, the empire Croesus destroyed by going to war was his own 6. analogy- A comparison of two different things that are alike in some way (see metaphor and simile). Analogy is

Carter Cleaning Company Case Study Free Essays

Carter Cleaning Company Case 1: 1) Make a list of five specific HR problems you think Carter Cleaning will have to grapple with. – non-trained stuff therefore low job performance – controlling labor costs – managing wages between those that work in dry cleaning side (skilled) and attendants (unskilled) – high turnovers – HR rules and protections not being followed 2) What would you do first if you were Jennifer? If I were in Jennifer’s shoes the first thing I would do is meet with her father and discuss about how everything HR related was done in the company before she came. Then I would hold a meeting for all of the employees to introduce myself and ask them about their concerns or wants. We will write a custom essay sample on Carter Cleaning Company Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then I would analyze the data and map e a strategic plan on how I can motivate the managers to motivate their staffs, how to train new and old employees to make work done more efficiently , and establish a recruiting process. After speaking with managers and her father about what the employees need to be successful I would then run an add for a hiring event, to have candidates come in to the stores and see what motivates them to work. Make a list of 5 specific HR problems you think Carter Cleaning will have to grapple with? Potential answers could include the following:1) Staffing the company with the right human capital by identifying the skills and competencies that arerequired to perform the jobs and the type of people that should be hired. Sourcing candidates andestablishing an efficient and effective recruiting and selection process will be an important first step. ) Planning and establishing operational goals and standards and developing rules and procedures tosupport business goals and strategies. Failure to do so will result in a lack of clarity around performanceexpectations down the line as each store becomes operational. 3) Implementing effective Performance Management through setting performance standards, highquality appraisal of performance, and providing ongoing performance coaching and feedback to developthe abilities of each person and support positive employee relations. ) Designing an effective compensation system that will give the company the ability to attract, retainand motivate a high quality workforce, providing appropriate wages, salaries, incentives and benefits. Apoorly designed system will result in difficulty in attracting candidates, turnover and low employeemorale. 5) Training and developing employees both at the management and employee level to be able toperform the job to meet the performance expectations. This should include a new hire orientationprogram as well as a program for ongoing training and development. Lack of attention to thiscomponent may result in errors, increase in operational costs, turnover, and morale problems. . Make a list of five specific HR problems you think Carter Cleaning will have to grapple with. †¢ Sexual Hassament †¢ Non-trained staff †¢ Poor Manager †¢ Probably Law suit †¢ Low job performance 2. What would you do first if you were Jennifer? †¢ Review the finances to see how the businesses are doing. Then meet with management and the staff. How to cite Carter Cleaning Company Case Study, Free Case study samples

The Effect of Global Warming on the Napa Valley Essay Example

The Effect of Global Warming on the Napa Valley Paper There is little doubt in the scientific community that this huge economy, based on grape growing, will be affected by this slow but steady climate change. However, how this region will be affected is a tater of debate. A hot year is normally associated with a boom year, offering a high yield of quality grapes for growers (1 ). However too much of a good thing can be bad. By the end of the century the increased temperature could have adverse effects on grape production and already growers in California see challenges in balancing the long growing season with the quality of the fruit being produced (3). Initial studies on the effects of increased temperatures have shown that warming improves the quality of the wine, said Gregory Jones, an Associate Professor of Geography at the American university of Southern Oregon (4). He went on to predict that if something is not done, continued warming would change the growing environment in the future. The result of this increased temperature may leave growers finding, what once was good for the grape could be disastrous. By examining past heat waves, such as the one that hit Europe in 2003, vintner are given some idea of what is in store for the future (4). We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Global Warming on the Napa Valley specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Global Warming on the Napa Valley specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Global Warming on the Napa Valley specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Areas that were normally cooler saw an improvement in grape production while the normally warm regions saw a decline in production and quality (5). Areas most in danger by the warming limited are those that currently enjoy a long, warm growing season, such as the Nap Valley (5). According to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (4), if nothing is done about global warming only the coastal regions Of California, cooled by the ocean breeze, will be good for cultivating vines by 2100. In a study done by University of California at Santa Cruz researcher (5), a detailed image of how the climate in California is likely to change over the next 50 to 100 years was predicted and mapped. Their study included anticipated temperature and precipitation changes for the Tate of the California. Their results go beyond the usual speculation concerning the potential effects of climate change on the state. They were able to take expected temperature changes from increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and, with the aid of a computer program, predict environmental changes throughout the state of California (appendix 1 The United Nations has studied this issue and have predicted that without an aggressive world wide action to cut greenhouse emissions the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will reach 800 parts per million (4) before the end f this century. The result will be an increased average temperature in California by 3 degrees centigrade. With much worse damage around the world through disease, drought and rising sea level. At that level of environmental change, the areas used for growing quality wine grapes will shrink by 35-80%, even taking into account the possibility of new areas being able to grow the grapes (4). A study by NASA (4) show, that areas the areas currently producing the finest most expensive wine would be reduced by approximately half while areas that are considered marginally suitable for reducing wine would be virtually eliminated. Scientists predict that climate change may shift production of the best wines from places like Nap Valley to vineyards in the Pacific Northwest and New England, locations that have traditionally been considered too cool for wine production (3). This would not only be devastating economically to the wine industry in Nap but also to the billion dollar tourist industry associated with grape growing and wine production in the Nap Valley. Not everyone agrees that global warming will be bad for wine production in Nap Valley. Some scientist predict that the warmer temperatures in the upper Nap Valley may shift south a little, not necessarily meaning hotter hoots, but making a bigger percentage of the valley warmer (2). In this climate model mountaintops will either stay the same or cool slightly due to increased fog. It may be that the state of California overall will be warmer by about 5 degrees Fahrenheit by 2055 to 2075, with 1 5 more days of temperatures over 90 degrees, but with marine influence and the predicted increase in fog, the California model wont necessarily be the Nap Valley reality (2). Dry. Snyder, from the university of California at Davis, summarized the results of a study on Nap Valley weather patterns between 191 7 and 2006 and came to the conclusion that from a growers standpoint, the weather has actually improved (6). It shows an increase in the average low temperatures for January and also an increase in average high temperatures at harvest time. But the study shows less risk of extreme rainfall or extreme high or low temperatures today than we had prior to 1 988 (6) The Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change, an international group Of undress of climatologists, has concluded that, even though crop production and yield benefit from increased CO concentration, the benefit realized will be short lived and the increased heat and eventual drought will be devastating to the wine and grape industries (4) My original hypothesis is correct and incorrect. In the short term global warming may be helpful to the wine industry of the Nap Valley. The increased temperature will have multiple outcomes; warmer weather will initially increase both quality and quantity of the grapes grown in the region. The improved weather patterns ill also be a boost to the tourist industry in the area. However, as the research shows that the long term outlook for the California wine industry may be devastating if the industry does not look to long term solutions. Facing this challenge, scientists and professionals from the wine industry are searching for ways to adapt to the changing climate. Some areas of scientific work are concentrating on how certain varieties of vines adapt to heat as well as counteracting the devastating effects of strong heat on the taste of the wine, which tends to be too sweet and to have excessive alcohol levels. Other areas of change being looked into are ways to grow grapes under trellis so that they are protected from the sun as well as the types of grapes being grown. Other possibilities are genetic altering as well as cross breeding Of vines between high quality producers and heat tolerate varieties. Water conservation is a huge issue when the climate heats up and increased irrigation is required. The final outcome of global warming on Nap Valley wine is unclear so if you enjoy a taste from the vine from time to time, now would be a good time to stock your wine cellar and enjoy it while you can. L[pick] I I [pick I [pick Appendix 1 expected changes in temperature, top photo; precipitation, middle photo; and snow accumulation, bottom photo, for California based on computer projections of the climate response to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Average June temperatures are higher throughout the state. Total rainfall in March increases in northern California, with little change in the south. And the height of the snowplow at the end of March drops dramatically. Top photo; precipitation, middle photo; and snow accumulation, bottom photo, for California based on computer projections of the climate response to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Average June temperatures are higher throughout the state. Total rainfall in March increases in northern California, with little change in the south.

Benefits of Working With a Study Partner

Benefits of Working With a Study Partner One great way to stay on target and earn better grades is to pair up with a good study partner. If you are serious about improving your school performance, this is a great way to make the most of your study time. What are some of the benefits? 10 Benefits of Having a Study Partner A study partner will help you remember a due date or the date of an exam. Never forget another test! Share calendars with your study partner and both of you will know when a big project or paper is due.Your study partner can share flashcards with you and quiz you before a test. Create your paper cards and meet up to study or use online flashcards together.Two heads are better than one, so your study partner may think of practice essay questions that you didnt think of.Study partners can switch papers and pre-grade each other before assignments are turned in. Proofread together and share your thoughts and ideas.A study partner can have your back if you get sick on the day when your paper is due. Arrange ahead of time to pick up and turn in papers for each other in the event of an emergency.A study partner will understand some methods or problems that you dont. You will be able to explain some of the problems to your partner in return. Its a great trade-off!Your partner may be able to help you with your research skills. Meet your partner in the library and learn to use the resources together. Then, you can share what you know to help each other out. For example, one partner can learn to search databases while the other learns to find books on the shelves. You can benefit from sharing your strengths. One may be better with grammar, while the other is better with numbers, as in finding statistics to support a claim for an argument essay.Study partners motivate each other and reduce the potential for procrastination.Study partners can be there if you forget important toolslike a calculator, dictionary, colored pencils, or notebook paper. A study partner relationship should be beneficial to both students, so remember it is important for both partners to fulfill their responsibilities. For this reason, it might ​not make sense to partner up with your best friend. Your study partner should be a person who complements you and your skills.

Biography of Cleopatra, Last Pharaoh of Egypt

Biography of Cleopatra, Last Pharaoh of Egypt Cleopatra (69 BCE–August 30, 30 BCE) was the ruler of Egypt as Cleopatra VII Philopater, She was the last of the Ptolemy dynasty of Egyptian rulers, and the very last Pharaoh of Egypt, ending a dynastic rule of some 5,000 years. Fast Facts: Cleopatra Known For: The last dynastic pharaoh of EgyptAlso Known As: Cleopatra Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra VII Philopater; Cleopatra Philadelphus Philopator Philopatris Thea NeoteraBorn: Early 69 BCEParents: Ptolemy XII Auletes (d. 51 BCE, ruled 80–51 BCE except for 58–55 BCE) and Cleopatra V Tryphaina (co-ruler 58–55 BCE with their daughter, Berenice IV, sister of Cleopatra VII)Died: August 30, 30 BCEEducation: Studied with a tutor and at the Mouseion at the Library of Alexandria, medicine, philosophy, rhetoric, oratory, and many languages, including Greek, Latin, and AramaicSpouse(s): Ptolemy XIII, Ptolemy XIV, Marc AntonyChildren: Ptolemy Caesarion (b. 46 BCE, with Julius Caesar); and three children by Marc Antony, twins Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene (b. 40 BCE), and Ptolemy Philadelphus (b. 36 BCE) Cleopatra VII was the descendant of Macedonians who were established as rulers over Egypt when Alexander the Great conquered Egypt in 323 BCE. The Ptolemy dynasty was descended from the Greek Macedonian named Ptolemy Soter, whom Alexander the Great installed in Egypt, so much of Cleopatras ancestry was Macedonian Greek. There is some controversy about the possible African origins of her mother or her paternal grandmother. Early Life Cleopatra VII was born around the beginning of 69 BCE, the second of five children of Ptolemy XII and his wife Cleopatra V. Tryphania. Although not much is available about her early life, young royal women of the Ptolemaic dynasty were well educated, and although the Library of Alexandria was no longer the intellectual powerhouse of the Mediterranean, the facility and its adjacent research center the Mouseion were still a center for learning. She took medical studies- she was a medical writer as a young woman- and she studied philosophy, rhetoric, and oratory with a tutor. She was a gifted linguist: in addition to her native Greek, Plutarch reported that she spoke Ethiopian, Trogodyte, Hebraic (probably Aramaic or less likely Hebrew), Arabic, Syrian, Median, and Parthian as well as many others. She undoubtedly read Greek, Egyptian, and Latin, and perhaps others. During Cleopatras early years, her father Ptolemy XII tried to maintain his failing power in Egypt by bribing powerful Romans. In 58 BCE, her father fled Rome to escape the anger of his people for the failing economy. Cleopatra, about 9 years old at the time, likely went with him. Her oldest sister was Berenike IV, and when Ptolemy XII fled, she and her mother Cleopatra VI Tryphaina, and his eldest daughter, Berenice IV, assumed the rulership jointly. When he returned, apparently Cleopatra VI had died, and with the help of Roman forces, Ptolemy XII regained his throne and executed Berenice. Ptolemy then married his son, about 9 years old, to his remaining daughter, Cleopatra, who was by this time about 18. Rule and Political Strife On the death of Ptolemy XII in February or March of 51 BCE, the rule of Egypt was to go to Cleopatra and her brother and husband, Ptolemy XIII; but Cleopatra moved swiftly to take control, but not without issues.  Ã‚   When Cleopatra VII took the double crown, Egypt was still facing the financial issues that her predecessors had created- Julius Caesar was owed 17.5 million drachmas- and there was still scattered civil strife. Drought, failed crops, and food shortages were becoming more serious, and by 48 BCE the Nile flood was extremely low. Cleopatra set about restoring the bull cult; but the largest issue was the presence in her kingdom of Ptolemy XIII, only about 11 years old at the time. Ptolemy had the support of his tutor Potheinos and a powerful set of advisers, including many of the top generals, and by the autumn of 50 BCE, Ptolemy XIII was in the dominant position in the country.  At the same time, Pompey- with whom Ptolemy XII had allied himself- appeared in Egypt, chased by forces of Julius Caesar. In 48 BCE, Pompey named Ptolemy XIII the sole ruler, and Cleopatra went first to Thebes, then to Syria to gather an army of supporters among the opponents of Pompey, but her army was halted in the Nile delta region at Pelousion by Ptolemys forces. In the meantime, Ptolemys advisers were becoming alarmed at the rise in turmoil in the Roman Empire, and seeking to back away from that conflict, they had Pompey assassinated and his head sent to Caesar. Shortly thereafter, Julius Caesar arrived in Alexandria. He sent messages to Cleopatra and Ptolemy, asking them to disband their armies and reconcile with one another; Ptolemy kept his army but came to Alexandria, while Cleopatra set messengers and then came herself to see Caesar. Cleopatra and Julius Caesar Cleopatra, according to the stories, had herself delivered to Julius Caesars presence in a rug and won his support. Ptolemy XIII died in a battle with Caesar, and Caesar restored Cleopatra to power in Egypt, along with her brother Ptolemy XIV as co-ruler. In 46 BCE, Cleopatra named her newborn son Ptolemy Caesarion, emphasizing that this was the son of Julius Caesar. Caesar never formally accepted paternity, but he did take Cleopatra to Rome that year, also taking her sister, Arsinoe, and displaying her in Rome as a war captive. That he was already married (to Calpurnia) yet Cleopatra claimed to be his wife added to political tensions in Rome that ended with Caesars assassination in 44 BCE. After Caesars death, Cleopatra returned to Egypt, where her brother and co-ruler Ptolemy XIV died, probably assassinated by her. She established her son as her co-ruler Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Cleopatra and Marc Antony When the next Roman military governor of the region, Marc Antony, demanded her presence- along with that of other rulers who were controlled by Rome- she arrived dramatically in 41 BCE and managed to convince him of her innocence of charges about her support of Caesars supporters in Rome, captivated his interest, and gained his support. Antony spent a winter in Alexandria with Cleopatra (41–40 BCE) and then left. Cleopatra bore twins to Antony. He, meanwhile, went to Athens and, his wife Fulvia having died in 40 BCE, agreed to marry Octavia, the sister of his rival Octavius. They had a daughter in 39 BCE. In 37 BCE Antony returned to Antioch, Cleopatra joined him, and they went through a sort of marriage ceremony the following year. That year of that ceremony, another son was born to them, Ptolemy Philadelphus. Marc Antony formally restored to Egypt- and Cleopatra- territory which the Ptolemys had lost control of, including Cyprus and part of what is now Lebanon. Cleopatra returned to Alexandria and Antony joined her in 34 BCE after a military victory. He affirmed the joint rulership of Cleopatra and her son, Caesarion, recognizing Caesarion as the son of Julius Caesar. Octavian and Death Antonys relationship with Cleopatra- his supposed marriage and their children, and his granting of territory to her- was used by the Roman emperor Octavian to raise Roman concerns over his loyalties. Antony was able to use Cleopatras financial support to oppose Octavian in the Battle of Actium (31 BCE), but missteps- probably attributable to Cleopatra- led to defeat. Cleopatra tried to get Octavians support for her childrens succession to power but was unable to come to an agreement with him. In 30 BCE, Marc Antony killed himself, reportedly because hed been told that Cleopatra had been killed, and when yet another attempt to keep power failed, Cleopatra killed herself. Legacy Much of what we know about Cleopatra was written after her death when it was politically expedient to portray her as a threat to Rome and its stability. Thus, some of what we know about Cleopatra may have been exaggerated or misrepresented by those sources. Cassius Dio, one of the ancient sources that tell her story, summarizes her story as She captivated the two greatest Romans of her day, and because of the third she destroyed herself. What we know for certain is that Egypt became a province of Rome, ending the rule of the Ptolemies. Cleopatras children were taken to Rome. Caligula later executed Ptolemy Caesarion, and Cleopatras other sons simply disappear from history and are assumed to have died. Cleopatras daughter, Cleopatra Selene, married Juba, king of Numidia and Mauritania. Sources Chauveau, Michel. Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra: History and Society under the Ptolemies. Trans. Lorton, David. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2000.Chaveau, Michel, ed. Cleopatra: Beyond the Myth. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002.Kleiner, Diana E.E., and Bridget Buxton. Pledges of Empire: The Ara Pacis and the Donations of Rome. American Journal of Archaeology 112.1 (2008): 57-90.Roller, Duane W. Cleopatra: A Biography. Women in Antiquity. Eds. Ancona, Ronnie and Sarah B. Pomeroy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

$787 Billion Economic Stimulus Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

$787 Billion Economic Stimulus Plan - Essay Example The $787 billion stimulus bill passed by Congress will not quickly solve the historic problems besetting the economy, but it could reduce the damage, while providing relief for the unemployed and the uninsured. Moodys Economy.com chief economist Mark Zandi says the bill could help end the economic slide. He warns, however, that the stimulus spending will likely be too small, given the size of the economic decline, and suggests Congress may have to revisit the issue (Kirchhoff) The plan we passed tonight will strengthen our economy by creating millions of good-paying jobs here at home; deliver tax relief for 95% of workers and invest in Americvas future by fixing our communities roads and bridges, improving our childrens education and making our country more energy independent. While House Democrats said the bill is needed to create or save 3.5 million jobs, Republicans countered the proposal would leave future generations saddled with debt. Republicans also noted they had little time to read the massive bill, which was released late Thursday night (Wolf) The crisis is so deep that only the economic reform policies alone may not bring the desired results. Many economists believe that the current recession may continue longer than anticipated. In my opinion, the life styles of the American public need to be fine tuned based on the realities. The greedy public accepted the offers (loans) from the financial institutions with both hands without properly evaluating their financial capabilities. They have approached the banks for everything and the banks were ready to help them without even assessing their backgrounds or financial strengths.The financial institutions miscalculated that the global economy will never exhaust and whatever the goods and services sold in the market will bring profit. Such irresponsible allocation of resources

Legalizing marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legalizing marijuana - Essay Example A report put out by the Drug Reform Coordination Network in 2005 indicated that a group of at least 500 economists are pushing for legislation reform as a means of saving billions of dollars through a tax and regulation policy as opposed to the current elimination policy. In this report, a study conducted by Dr. Jeffrey Miron is cited as claiming legalized marijuana would provide significant savings in enforcement costs at both the federal and state levels and would generate significant income in the form of taxes. Together, it is suggested there would be a net savings of approximately $14 billion a year. Rather than proposing a specific course of action, these economists were instead calling for a national debate to be held to discuss legalization. â€Å"The fact that marijuana prohibition has these budgetary impacts does not by itself mean prohibition is a bad policy. Existing evidence, however, suggests prohibition has minimal benefits and may itself cause substantial harm† (DRCNet Foundation, 2005). It has been suggested that by legalizing drugs, property and many violent crimes would vastly decline. The resulting tax revenues from such measures would supply law enforcement with more resources resulting in a further reduction of crime and could also be used to fund drug prevention programs in the same way that alcohol and tobacco taxes presently do (Transform, 2005). America’s war against recreational drugs is an example of good intentions gone terribly wrong. While this country squanders billion dollars annually on the efforts to stop illegal drugs, trafficking and use continue. It has been said that trying to stop drugs is like trying to stop the rain. Over half of the prisoners in jail are there for drug ‘crimes.’ This causes overcrowding which results in the early release of dangerous, violent criminals. This creates more of a public safety problem than does drug use. It is illogical from a societal view and

School Breakfast Programs Essay -- Essays Papers

School Breakfast Programs For most kids waking up in the morning, getting dressed and sitting down to a bowl of cereal and some toast is a normal occurrence for them. However for some students that luxury may not be possible. Over the past couple of years several states across the US have spent millions of dollars and served over 360 million breakfasts and lunches for children who cannot afford to have a regular priced meal or who don’t have money for food at all. With these programs producing such great results for the children in the classroom and out of school more and more states have begun to implement similar programs for underprivileged children. One of the major reasons for the popularity of the breakfast programs is that it enables the children to start there day off with a healthy, nutritional meal. And for kids that are in elementary and middle school having a well balanced meal to start their day off is important because at that age children tend to hit growth spurts sporadically and having the right nutrition in there bodies will enable them to grow with out any complications. Another key reason as to why the Breakfast programs have become such a major success is the in class room behavior of the students. In different polls taken across America schools that were using the breakfast programs had shown that students who took part in the programs overall grades improved, along with attendance and classroom behavior. In an article written by the Advantage Press it was stated that â€Å"A surprising benefit has been observed: there has been a sharp decrease in the number of children going to school nurses. Thus, less class time missed by students. Even teachers who had worried about the added work of overseeing br... ...Programs January 2004 http://www.mtcef.org/activities_3a.htm 5. Provision 2 Guidance National School and Lunch Programs 3 March 2004 http://www.sde.state.id.us/child/docs/CNPResources/Publications/P2Guidance- July242002.pdf 6. Chicago Public School Meal Programs September 2004 http://www.cps.k12.il.us/Parent/Enrollment/School_Lunch/school_lunch.html 7. ThedailyJounranl.com Monday, May 14, 2001 http://www.thedailyjournal.com/news/stories/20010514/opinion/568745.html 8. Policies and Procedure Manual Mississippi Nutrition Program September 2004 http://www.cn.mde.k12.ms.us/resources/forms/ta/mscnp15.pdf 9. Federal Food Programs http://www.frac.org/html/federal_food_programs/programs/sbp.html 10. School Breakfast Programs August 2003 http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/Breakfast/AboutBFast/bfastfacts.htm

Financial analysis Essay

The analytical audit of the company’s capital structures of the two companies shows that shows Arizon is highly geared as compared to AT & T. Gearing AT& T is 43. 3% for long term debt and 51. 76% for total equity which is not very high. In case of Arizon, the ratio is very high at 59% for long-term debt to equity while total debt to equity is 74. 91%. The Verizon case indicates that the firm does not have sufficient and steady internal financial resources to finance its assets. These get depleted compelling management to use external financial instruments. This usage of external sources to finance its assets increase chances of the company suffering financial risk that may lead to bankruptcy after technical default. The audit of inventory ratio of the two companies supplied reveals a AT $ T does not have stock while verizon has. This may be that AT & T is a service sector or in the business of manufacture at order or operate Just In Time method of stock refurbishing. While Arizona has inventory which is increasing gradually except in year 2004 when it down from 1. 50% in year 2003. we are not supplied with income statement to be able to determine the firms’ efficiency in utilizing its resources (inventory) to generate sales is. The close analysis of the two companies ratios provided indicates that AT $ T payable account that fluctuates from time to time. While Arizona have payables with down ward trend. This indicates that Arizona is managing her trade creditors well as compared to AT & T. if payables are not well managed may cause financial stress to the company. The working capital of the Verizona contains a significant proportion of cash fluctuating from time to time. In case of AT & T it is insignificant and it is in the down ward trend. The firms cannot therefore, meet its obligating with the most liquid resources. Additionally, there are no marketable securities that can be easily converted into cash when a financial need arises. What this implies is that the firm may find it difficult to meet its short term maturing financial obligations as and when they fall due for payment. The same conclusion about financial position can be made using both the acid test and cash ratios. From the ratios, the firm’s ability to meet its financial obligations from the liquid assets is also questionable. REFERENCES Luecke R (2002) Finance for Managers; Harvard Business School Lindsay R. (1967) Financial Management, An Analytical Approach; R. D Irwin, 1967

Construction Of A Sustainable Hotel And A School - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4540 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Tags: School Essay Did you like this example? 1.0 Introduction A regeneration project close to Bedford will see the construction of a hotel and a school, with both intended to be sustainable. Hunt et al. (2006) judge a developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sustainability based upon its impact upon the local environment, its cost effectiveness, both during and after construction, and also its impact upon society. These factors tend to relate, to varying degrees on different projects, to how sustainable the developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s water usage is. Taking this into account, those designing and building the school and the hotel have put considerable time and effort into ensuring that the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s water management setup is from the very top of the line. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Construction Of A Sustainable Hotel And A School" essay for you Create order The following report focuses on the design and implementation of the regeneration projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s water management system, calculating the respective quantities of water required for the school and for the hospital to run effectively and evaluating the alternative green solutions available to ensure efficient use of water in the two buildings. Among the green technologies looked at, consideration will be given to collection, storage and usage of rainwater to supplement the water supply sourced from utilities companies. Recycled grey water will also be discussed as a possible means of saving water. Lastly, the report will look into methods of conserving water, explaining how they would be implemented and how effective they would be if utilised on this particular projectThis will 2.0 Description of the Regeneration Project The school that is being constructed will be co-ed and will enrol up to 150 students, catering to children between the ages of six and twelve years old. The school will have a staff of sixteen: eight on full-time contracts, two providing maintenance services and the rest working on a part-time basis. The hotel that is being built will consist of fifty double-rooms and will take on four members of staff on a full-time basis. The schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s roof will be made from pitched tiles, taking up approximately 385 m ­2, and approximately 600 m2 of smooth surface. The hotelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s roof will also be made from pitched tiles, but with no smooth surface. It will take up approximately 1,200 m2. 3.0 Estimating water requirements for the school and the hotel In order to come up with a water strategy, the water requirements of the two buildings must first be approximated. Bradford (2007) notes that for different kinds of end users, there are a variety of purposes that water can be used for, giving the example of the dissimilarity in the water usage patterns of domestic users compared with agricultural users. 3.1 Water requirements for the school The figures in Table 3.1 calculate the schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s overall water consumption as being at 720 m3/year. Figure 3.1 breaks down the schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s water consumption categorically, displaying the main uses to which water is put in terms of quantity. Flushing toilets takes up the largest proportion (36%) of water consumption (see Figure 3.1). Table 3.1: Amount of water used by the school Usage Litres/year Toilet flushing 268,000 Kitchen 90,000 Cleaning 120,000 Grounds irrigation 230,000 Hand basins 12,000 Total 720,000 Figure: 3.1 Uses of water at the school 3.2 Water requirements for the hotel Hunt et al. (2006) note that there is great variation in the use of water at hotels. What consumption patterns there are tend to relate to water usage by the hotelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s guests, the presence or absence of a hotel swimming pool and the hotelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s star rating. As there is insufficient data regarding the hotelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s star rating and water consumption, a water usage estimate of 30 m3/bed space/year is made, as this is displayed in Table 3.2 (Waggett and Arotsky, 2006) to be the typical consumption in hotels without a rating that do not have swimming pools. Table 3.2: Benchmarks for hotels without swimming pools Category Hotel rating Benchmarks (m3/bed space/annum) Best practice Typical Above average Cat 1 1 star 5 10 15 Cat 2 2 or 3 star 10 20 50 Cat 3 4 or5 star 15 30 65 Other No rating 10 30 70 (Source: Waggett and Arotsky, 2006) With the average requirement of water estimated at 30 m3/bed space/year and with a total of fifty double-rooms, total demand can be approximated to be = 30*50*2 = 3000 m3. Hotels use their water supply for bathing, flushing toilets, drinking, cooking, cleaning and gardening. With no data available which can be used to break down water usage into its constituent elements, this is estimated using average UK domestic use (see Figure 3.2) and modified UK hotel use, based on single occupants (see Figure 3.2). Figure 3.2: Domestic water use in the UK (Source: Environment Agency, 2007) Figure 3.3: Modified average water use in the hotel Notes: Personal washing accounts for showering, bathing and use of wash basins The hotelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ground irrigation estimate is taken from Figure 3.2. Dishwasher use is added to the proportion utilised for drinking and cooking. 4.0 Non-potable water supply options for the school and the hotel Hastings (2006) differentiates between water that is fit for drinking, known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"potableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ water, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"non-potableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ water which, while it is not fit for ingestion, may still be utilised to flush toilets, for cleaning vehicles, buildings or clothes (in washing machines) or to irrigate land. While all non-potable water fails to meet the minimum required standards for drinking water, Hastings makes a further distinction between treated non-potable water, known as green water, and untreated non-potable water, referred to as grey water. 4.1 Rainwater harvesting (RH) The EA (2003) notes that rainwater collection may occur by gathering the water from roofs or from hard surfaces such as roads using down pipes (see Figure A-1 in the Appendix). The rainwater gathered can be utilised for any number of non-potable water uses. An approximation will be made here of the expected rainwater harvest from the two buildings being constructed. The rainwater harvestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quality varies with elements from outside, like the amount of leaves or bird droppings contaminating the harvest. The impact of these elements can be lessened with the use of a protective filter to cover the rainwater outlet (Cornwall Energy Efficiency Advice Centre, 2007). The EA (2003) also notes that rainwater is of a good enough standard to not need treatment after it has been collected, before it can be used. The gathered water will be kept in an over-ground plastic tank, with its placement selected so as to minimise bacteria growth in hot weather, while also minimising frost when the weather is cold. Line filters will also be put in place. With the right choice of filter and of placement, bad smells and water discolouration can be lessened. 4.1.1 Determination of the quantity of gatherable rainwater for the hotel and The school Accurately calculating the best quantity of gatherable rainwater for the two buildings calls for a plan of the roofsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“catchment areasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and also for rainfall data relating to the local area (see Figure 4.1) . Figure 4.1: Average monthly rainfall information for the project area (covering the previous 20 years) It is not possible to gather all of the rain that falls on the buildings and transfer it to the plastic container in its entirety. Usually, rainfall harvests lose something in the region of 10%-60% of the water, varying with the kind of roof in question, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“drainage coefficientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of the material it has been made from (see Table 1) and the filter efficiency: always à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“0.9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. It is also possible to lose rainwater if the container it collects in overflows due to heavy rainfall or low water usage (ibid, 2003). Table 4.1: Drainage coefficient for different roof types Roof type Runoff coefficient Pitched roof tiles 0.75 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 0.9 Flat roof with smooth tiles 0.5 Flat roof with gravel layer 0.4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 0.5 (Source: EA, 2003) Based on the aforementioned data, it is possible to work out the potential rainfall harvest in a particular location by inputting the data into this formula (EA, 2008): Q = AAR x TCA x RC x FC where Q = Annual Gatherable Rainfall (litres) AAR = Annual Average Rainfall (mm/yr) TCA = Total Catchment Area (m2) RC = Runoff Coefficient FC = Filter Coefficient 1. For the school As, logically, a larger roof will allow for the collection of a greater quantity of rainwater, it is important to be aware of the roof area. The roof surface areas and their construction materials are: Pitched roof tiles 600 m2 Flat roof (smooth surface) 385 m2 According to Table 4.1, the minimum possible RC for pitched roof tiles is 0.75, while the RC for smooth surface roofs is 0.5 AAR = Annual Average Rainfall (mm/yr) =à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Average Rainfall (mm) for the 12 Month period illustrated by Figure 4.1 = 573mm The Annual Collectable Rainfall (litres), Q = ((600 m2 X (573 mm) X 0.75) + (385 m2 X (573 mm) X 0.5)) X 0.9 = 331,337.25 litres per annum. = 331.34 m3 per annum. This is a lower value than that of the predicted total annual water demand for the school. 2. For the hotel The hotelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s roof area is 1,200 m2, entirely made from pitched roof tiles. Q = 1,200 X 573 X 0.75 X 0.9 = 464,130 litres per annum = 464.13 m3per annum. This value also falls below predicted annual water demand for the hotel. Table A-1 (see Appendix A) approximates the monthly rainfall harvest for the two buildings, using the aforementioned equation and using the RC of pitched roof tiles. The figures for the predicted rainfall harvest and the predicted water requirements point to a shortfall in the ability of the rainwater to fulfil the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s water requirements. However, the rainwater may still play a significant role, perhaps covering the two buildingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ toilet flushing needs, for instance. 4.1.2 Sizing the storage tank in the RH system for the two buildings The EA (2003) notes that the storage tankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s purchase price is the most expensive element of setting up the RH system and so deciding upon the right size for it is very important. The biggest tank will not necessarily be the most efficient in the long run and so it is important to work out the optimal size, so that the buildings can harvest sufficient rainwater without overspending. The quantity of water that is kept in the tank should ideally approach the quantity that is required to service the two buildings. The choice of tank must account for price, size and a minimum of two water overflows each year, in order to get rid of unwanted objects in the tank-water. The project planners may also want to invest in a first flush device (Well, 2003) to ensure that the initial water flow, which will contain debris that has collected on the roof, does not enter the tank, keeping its contents relatively clean. The makers and retailers of the rainfall harvest setup will have means of determining the best tank size for the project. In fact, some of them have applications available for visitors to their websites to work out the optimum size for their needs (e.g. Klargesterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Envireau products, available at www.klargester.com) and these are handy for making an initial estimate of how much they need to spend. It is best for the planners to go on to discuss this choice with experts in this area. Figure 4.2: Water balance for approximation of rainwater storage capacity The EA (2003) notes that the capacity needed will vary according to elements including rainfall patterns, catchment areas, demand patterns, retention time, cost of parts and the cost of and access to alternative supplies. The Development Technology Unit (2008) also states that the level of capacity needed will be based upon several elements, such as weather and rain data, roof surface area, RC and data regarding the number of consumers and the amount of water they use on average. It goes on to suggest several means of setting the size of system parts: Method 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the demand-side approach (see Appendix A). Method 2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" calculating the size of the tank based on elements such as storage capacity, overflow and drainage (the supply-side approach) (see Appendix A). Method 3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" computer model (see Appendix A). The methods differ in terms of how sophisticated and how complex they are. Some of them can easily be undertaken by people without specialist knowledge, whereas some need specialists familiar with complicated software. The major elements contributing to the method selected include: the size and the complexity of the system and its parts the availability of the components that are necessary to operate using a specific method (e.g. computers) the required skills and technical knowledge/training among the practitioners/designers. Also, according to the EA (2008), tank size tends to be based upon either the capacity required for 18 days or a 5% share of the annual yield (whichever of the two is lower). This method will be combined with the supply-side method to determine the tank capacity for this project (see Appendix A). 1. Calculating the optimal tank size based upon the predicted rain yield: The EA (2003) formula for working out the best tank capacity for the rainfall harvest setup is as follows: Tank capacity (litres) = Roof area (m2) x drainage factor x filter efficiency x annual rainfall (mm) x 0.05 For the school Optimal tank capacity (litres) = (600* 0.75* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) + (385*0.5* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) = 16566.86 litres = 16.57 m3 For the hotel Optimal tank capacity (litres) = (1,200* 0.75* 0.9* 573 mm*0.05) = 23206.5 litres = 23.21 m3 2. Calculating the optimal tank capacity using the idea of holding 18days- worth of demand: Collection tank volume = days storage x average daily demand For the school The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Estimating water demands for the hotel and schoolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ section and the figures in Chapter 3 show that the overall quantity of water used to flush toilets, irrigate soil and clean is 612 m3 per annum for the school building. This exceeds the estimated annual rainfall harvest. This being the case, the RH tank will provide water for flushing toilet, with the tank storage for 18 days equalling: (268 m3/365 days)*(18 days) = 13.22 m3 For the hotel According to the figures in Chapter 3, the overall average water requirement at the hotel is 3000 m3. The quantity used to flush toilets, irrigate soil and clean amounts to roughly 53% of the hotelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s water requirement: roughly 1590 m2 per annum. This requirement cannot be covered in total by the RH alone. This being the case, the RH will be limited to cleaning and/or irrigating or to flushing toilets. Even within these limitations, there may not be sufficient rainwater for these tasks. Using the average daily requirement for toilet flushing: the tank storage = (3000 x 0.35) m3/365days x 18 = 51.79 m3 Using the average daily requirement for cleaning or irrigating: the tank storage = (3000 x (0.12 + 0.06)) m3/365days x 18 = 26.63 m3 Using the aforementioned EA (2003) data, a smaller size is optimal. This being the case, if the RH is used to flush toilets, the respective tank sizes for the hotel and the school are going to be 23 m3 and 14 m3. If the method of estimation used is the supply-side method (i.e. it is based upon capacity, overflow and drainage (see the tdix A)), the the optimal respective tank sizes for the hotel and the school will be 35 m3recomm3 m3 and 35 m3ing for these figures is represented bycalculations ad A-3 (seein Appendix A)The selection ultimately made may depend on a combination of these methods of calculation, as well as the price of the tankAfter this, th 4.2 Grey water recycling at the school and the hotel Metcalf and Eddy (1991) refer to two kinds of wastewater. These are grey and black wastewater. Black water has been flushed down toilets, passed through the drainage system and on to treatment plants. Black water is contaminated with more pollutants than grey water. Grey water accounts for all of the wastewater which has not been used to flush toilets (EA, 2003). It can be treated and then reused for flushing toilets or irrigating soil (Metcalf and Eddy, 1991). Both Waggett (2004) and the EA (2008) refer to grey water from washing machines, kitchen sinks and dishwashers as black wastewater, as it is heavily contaminated and can contain large amounts of grease and food particles. Figures 3.1 and 3.3 illustrate that the two buildings will produce grey water at the levels of 55% at the hotel and 32% at the school, 32% and al. (2007) nostate thatis typeg is treated usingrequires biologicalnt systems,by followed by sand filters andts, as the water is heavily contaminatedion because of the high levels treatmeused to flush toilets or irrigate soilThis treated water can be used for toilet flushing and grounwash basins were be colltic decreasing would occur. Collecteequires a physting oninfected sandsith disinfection and membranes suct et al, 2006). This treated watd to flushfor toilets flushing. Figure 4.3: Schematic of the grey water recycling system to be installed (Source: Birks et al., 2001) Grey water is of lower quality than harvested rainwater and always needs treatment before it is used; There areinotgenerally recognised official aegulations regarding grey waterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s standard of cleanliness before it can be reusedtoPidou et al., 2007) and individual nations decide upon their own minimum quality requirements. Fs it stands, the UK has no official regulations regarding wastewater usageUnfy wain ). Waggett (2004) nostates thahis lack of legislation is a limiting factor to grey and rainwater usage.one of the eyd rainf standards have been put forward by a number of organisations, complicating matters for those wishing to make use of these green solutionsThis makes a sufficient specificationt the subject have found that project planners should ideally set up The majority of the studies available conclude that it is best to operat level of of a health risk exists and what forms of water treatment they should make herefore, the level of treatment required. There are some highly detailed research papdocor the water quality standards for non-potable water re and greywatergrey water) wn in Appendix B. For the project under consideration here, it would probably be best to gather and treat grey water for use in toilet flushingf Figures 3.2 and 3.3 display the grey water percentages from showers, baths and hand basins as being 28% for the hotel and 2% for the schools As the school produces relatively little grey water, it is probably best not to bother recycling it in the case of this building, for cost effectiveness purposesTrn the scrin it. He hotel pr a significant quantity of grey water, which will be worth reusing. According toTherefore, economically only the greywbe ey water is generallyeopriate technology for community buildings such as schools, libraries, places of worship and community centresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The health risks associated with This is because of the potential concerns wither, parthildren are likely to be presresponsible for this. cleanliness especially where children are exposed to the water and little greywatergrey watinn technology would no ve in the case ft According to Waggett (2004), non-potable (grey or RH) water can be utilised for sub-surface irrigation, as long as no spray mechanisms are involved. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Direct reuseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is another option in areas like laundries (e.g. reusing water from the final rinse for the next washà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first rinse). This application may be included in the hotelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s design and implemented during construction, though many hotels outsource their clothes cleaning services. recycling shows the methodology for the design of the grey water recycling system. The hotelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s grey water will provide 80% of its total water requirement for flushing toilets (28% grey water compared to 35% needed for flushing), with potable water or rainwater automatically supplementing the produced rrecyclin collectio only at 2s insufficient tof theile (see Figure 4.1). recycling004) noteshows thatandit is possible wateh be used in one water setup, and while this increases the quantity of water collected from that which could be expected from a simple RH system, it creates a need for a larger tank to store all of the water and for a greater quantity of chemicals with which to treat the water, both of which will be costly for the projectand rainwater in the same watys 5.0 Discussion and quantification of options for water conservation at the development site Braithwaite (2006) posits that all developments that aim to be sustainable need to contribute positively to society, be sympathetic to their local environment and ensure that they are cost effective. These factors are referred to as the pillars of sustainable development (Hunt and Rogers, 2005). This part of the report evaluates the potential methods for decreasing the buildingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ water requirements in terms of their impact upon the aforementioned pillars of sustainable development. The cost effectiveness of the options If less water is required, then less money will be spent on sewage treatment and savings will also be made in terms of spending on water (Otterpohl, 2006). The savings on water will not necessarily be very large, as UK water prices are not high. The savings made by implementing the green technologies would need to be set against the cost of their implementation in order to work out how long it would take for them to financially justify the expenditure. The necessary predictions of expected usage would be difficult to make, particularly for the school building, which would have very low usage during holiday periods. In the case of the school, grey water would probably not be cost effective (as discussed earlier) and would probably need a very long time to make sufficient savings to cover is not co2003) estimate a 30% saving on water expenditure is needed to justify investment in the reuse of grey water and it is unlikely that this would be achieved at the schoolMoreover, at the se kitchen eyecyclis Grey water would, however, be cost effective in hotels; especially big hotels with en-suite accommodation, as customers would consume large quantities of water systems afihite bathrooms and powerful showers an expected part of modern hotels, water consumption is actually higher in the newer establishments, making recycling of non-potable water even more relevantUnlike the majoritutilise treated grey water for toilet flushing when it is busy and revert to its main supply when there are few customer, in order to avoid keeping the grey water in their tank for extended periods. This is common practice in countries with low rainfallrefore, greywatergrey water is The extra setup required to circulate the treated grey water around the hotel would need significant expenditure from those funding the project and this would have to be given serious thought before deciding whether it would pay off in the long term. Rain harvesting setups are fairly commonplace at UK schools, as the water is considered to be fairly clean and the running costs are not too. With a lot of water used for toilet flushing, there would be a need for a big tank at the school, which could lead to a big saving over. To carry out a similar harvesting operation, the hotel would require both a large harvesting area (on the roof) and sufficient room to keep the tank. This would probably not be workable for most hotels. Establishments with swimming pools might consider harvesting and treating water to use in their pool. Social costs The costs to society of these solutions would take the form of problems with their acceptability and/or their reliability (Hunt et al., 2006) (see Appendix C). Environmental costs Braithwaite (2006) views sustainability and environmental protection as being more or less the same thing, with an emphasis upon ensuring that the construction and the running of the buildings is not damaging to the local area going forward. To ensure this does not happen, evaluation of the likely negative externalities of the technologies put forward is needed. Water sustainability for the project might be measured in terms of factors such as impact on the climate, biological diversity and resource depletion. While all of these factors have an environmental aspect to them, climate effects can also create problems in economic terms as well as problems for society in general (Hunt et al., 2006). The recommended technologies need to be beneficial in terms of future sustainability, with emphasis placed on decreasing both the quantity of water that is wasted and the quantity that is obtained from the mains source. Integrated costs On most projects, planners would tend to opt for familiar solutions that are known to be effective over new ones which they might perceive as inherently risky and this might be a factor in the selection made here, particularly in the case of the school, given consideration of the involvement of children (Hunt et al., 2006). As well as the interests of the planners and developers, it is important à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" perhaps most important à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to give consideration to how the solutions would impact upon the people ultimately using the facilities being discussed. With no official standards for the condition required of non-potable water before it can be used, careful planning is needed to make certain that no errors are made that could potentially cause harm to customers or students. Hotels often take the precaution of labelling water sources such as sinks that provide non-potable water. Another precaution, which might be made use of at the school, would be to use quality gpes (EA, 2008). Prior to selecting one of the options, the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s planners should assess how efficient they are by looking into both how secure and how durable their supply of water will be (Hunt et al., 2006). With the rainfall system being wholly reliant upon the weather, this is quite an insecure option, as unexpectedly dry weather will significantly harm the effectiveness of the solution. This might put off the planners, particularly in the case of the hotel, with grey water reuse preferred due to its greater regularity of supply, regardless of the changing seasons, climate or weather patterns recyclingal., 2006). Therefore 6.0 Conclusions and recommendations The report posits an approach to setting up a sustainable system for managing water at a brownfield development site where a hotel and a school are being constructed. The buildingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ water requirements are approximated from information provided from the exercise paper and CIRIA report no. C657. The report also considers two alternatives for green technologies to help ensure that the buildings have a sustainable water supply, namely the harvesting of rainfall and the reuse of grey water from the buildings recyclinglutions would both provide non-potable water, with the rainwater of a higher standard than the grey water, which would require treatment before it could be reintroduced to the water system, even for uses not involving human ingestion supplied from thes or regulations regarding RH or grey water quality in the United Kingdom, it would be best to utilise the water for functions such as sub-surface irrigation or flushingAs there are not agreed wateould provide su fficient water to fully supply these functions, but could still significantly supplement the water provided by the mains supplyIn addition, that all these uses can not be fully coven to analyse poteo, there iscription in order to identify the methods of qurnservation at the school and the hotel, ultimately recommending that. Based on the discussion it is reco water produced by grey water treatment and RH should be utilised for toilet flushing, so as to make savings on water costs and sewage fees. the RH setup is better suited to the school in terms of sustainability, cost effectiveness and viability than the grey water reuse setup and should be implemented at the school with no grey water treatment operation introduced. grey water and RH setups should be implemented for the hotel, either in a combined system or separately, so as to make savings and improve the hotelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s water sustainability by supplying the establishmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s toilet flushing function. water costs and sewage fees are fairly cheap, whereas the costs of implementing either of the suggested green solutions are significantly higher, meaning that these technologies are not commonplace in the UK recyclingthe current situation, population growth and environmental changes are likely to create greater water scarcity and make these approaches to the provision of non-potable water far more common, with governments legislating in their support. However, the growi there is a need for the EA, the government or another relevant organisation to set up official regulations for non-potable water quality in the UK.